Exercise
Science-------------------Physical Education
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Subdisciplines
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--------------Research--------------
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Describing
Studying
Teaching
Expanding
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+++++++Movement+++++++
Sports medicine and kinesiological
knowledge base
Clinical Biomechanics
Sport Biomechanics
Athletic Training
Physiological Health and Fitness
knowledge base knowledge base
Exercise Physiology
Clinical Exercise Physiology
Sport Nutrition
Physical
Activity
Behavioral
Social Science
Motor
Behavior
Sport
Sociology
Exercise and Sport
Sport History
Psychology
Historical
Perspective
450
B. C. Ancient Greek Scholars
Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Archimedes, and Galen
Renaissance
da Vinci, Galileo, and others
1700’s
and 1800’s
Physicians interested in physical activity
Biomechanics
Foundations: Pre 1900
Edward Hitchcock and H. O. Bowditch-anthropometric
work
Dudley Sargent: anthropometry and physical fitness
Kinesiology: 1900-1966
Programs aimed at discovering the relationship
between anatomy and movement
T. K. Cureton--one of first exercise science
research labs at Univ. of Illinois
Karpovich
Basmajian
Work in electromyography
The Subdiscipline: 1966-present
1968-first publication of Journal of Biomechanics
1973-first international seminar on biomechanics
1976-American Society of Biomechanics established
Development of equipment (specifically three
dimensional cinematography, force
plates, and real time computer anaylsis of
movement)
Research expanded to include
locomotion
bone modeling
shoe construction
Motor Behavior
Motor Control
Motor Learning
Motor Development
Foundations: Pre 1945
Sherrington-1906 laid the foundation
for motor control and coined the word
"proprioception"
Primary area of study was in
infant/child development and the neurologic basis
for movement.
World War II prompted the study of
motor behavior research in the area of
pilot training.
Pre-emergence: 1945-1966
"Product oriented period"
Anna Espenschade
H. H. Clarke
Ruth Glassow
Laurence Rarick
Franklin Henry
Brian Cratty
E. A. Bilodeau
I. M. Bilodeau
J. D. Lawther
The Subdiscipline: 1966 to Present
"Process oriented period"
"Motor behaviorists" begin
to examine the causes for motor development,
primarily in children.
1971-Adam's closed loop theory
1975-Schmidt's schema theory
1980-present--dynamical theory from physics
1967-establishment of the North
American society for the Psychology of Sport
and Physical Activity
1969-establishment of the Journal of
Motor Behavior
1979-establishment of the Journal of
Sports Psychology
1985-establishment of the Association
for Advancement of Sport Pshycholgy
1986-establishment of exercise and
sport psychology as a division within the
American Psychological
Association
1987-establishment of the journal The
Sport Psychologist
Exercise Physiology
Foundations: pre-1945
Per-Olof Astrand-considered by most to be the father
of modern day exercise
physiology
1892 Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Physical
Training at Harvard
1919 Bainbridge's Physiology of Muscular Activity
1923 and 1927--first laboratories in exercise
physiology to train YMCA fitness
directors at Williams College and
Springfield College, respectively
1927--Harvard Fatigue Laboratory--Bruce Dill,
director
Research that is
considered the basis for all exercise physiology research
was initiated in this lab:
Maximal
oxygen uptake
Oxygen debt
Work at
altitude
Harvard Step
Test
Oxygen
saturation during exercise
Maximal heart
rate
Aging and
exercise
1930's--first
exercise physiology research published in the Research Quarterly
Pre-emergence: 1945 to 1966
1948--Morehouse and Miller published Physiology of
Exercise
Schneider and Karpovich published Physiology of Muscular Activity
Cureton established the Physical Fitness Research Laboratory at the
Univ.
of Illinois
1954--establishment of the American College of Sport
Medicine by representatives
from physical education, medicine, and
physiology.
ACSM's primary focus at this time was
on athletics, injuries, fitness, and
physiology of muscular
activity.
The Subdiscipline: 1966 to present
Began with a push to develop graduate programs in
exercise physiology
Future graduates from these programs became the
first true exercise physiologists
1969-Medicine and Science in Sports published by
ACSM
1970-publication of Astrand and Rodahl's Textbook of
work physiology:
physiological bases of exercise.
1970's--emergence of University of California's
Institute of Environmental Stress
as a postdoctoral research
location--Steve Horath, director
1980-Medicine and Science in Sports becomes Medicine
and Science in Sports and
Exercise
In addition to the earlier areas of research, the
study of fitness testing and exercise
prescription has emerged.